Showing posts with label Romanticism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Romanticism. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Giuditta Pasta (1797-1865) - Romantic Icon

Joseph Cornell
Planet Set - Tête Etoilée - Giuditta Pasta (dédicace)
1950
glass, crystal, wood, paper
Tate Gallery

Maxim Gauci
Miniature Portrait of Giuditta Pasta
ca. 1831
watercolor on ivory
Victoria & Albert Museum

Anonymous Italian Fan-Maker
Giuditta Pasta in Gioachino Rossini's Tancredi
ca. 1830
pigment on vellum with mother-of-pearl sticks
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Alfred Edward Chalon
Madame Pasta as Medea
1826
drawing, with watercolor
Victoria & Albert Museum

"The Italian soprano Giuditta Pasta was born in Saronno in 1797 and studied with Giuseppe Scappa in Milan, where she made her debut in his opera Le Tre Eleonore in 1815.  In Paris the following year she appeared as Clorina in Paer's Il Principe di Taranto, and in London in 1817 at the King's Theatre in the title role of Cimarosa's Penelope.  After another year's study with Scappa she was more successful in Venice in 1819 as Adelaide in Pacini's Comingo, but her first triumph was in Paris in 1821 as Desdemona in Rossini's Otello, a role she repeated in London in 1824, and followed with Semiramis in his Semiramide, with the composer conducting both works.  Performing regularly in London, Paris, Milan and Saint Petersburg, she became particularly associated with the roles of Amina in Bellini's Sonnambula and the title roles in Donizetti's Anna Bolena and Norma, all three of which were written for her.  She is said to have introduced dramatic realism to the opera stage, and her fame was as much a result of the intensity of her acting as of the brilliance of her voice, which became increasingly uneven towards the end of her career.  Retiring from the stage in 1835, she died at Blevio, Lake Como, in 1865."

Louis Dupré
Giuditta Pasta
1831
lithograph
British Museum

J.L. Marks (publisher)
Giuditta Pasta as Norma (upper left)
from Marks's Miniature Portraits series
1839
hand-colored engraving
Victoria & Albert Museum

"The role of the scorned Druid priestess Norma is notoriously difficult to sing, and demands intensely dramatic acting.  Bellini and his librettist Felice Romani based their opera on the play Norma, or, The Infanticide by Alexandre Soumet, conceiving the role for Pasta.  Bellini wrote to the singer on 1 September 1831: I hope that you will find this subject to your liking. Romani believes it to be very effective, and precisely because of the all-inclusive character for you, which is that of Norma. He will manipulate the situations so that they will not resemble other subjects at all, and he will retouch, even change, the characters to produce more effect, if need be. Writing of her, Paul Scudo said: Beautiful, intelligent, and passionate, Pasta made up for the imperfections of her vocal organ by means of incessant work, and a noble, tender, knowing style. An actress of the first rank, she submitted each breath to the control of an impeccable taste, and never left a single note to chance.  Stendhal, a passionate admirer and friend of Pasta, admitted that she had a voice made up of three distinct ranges: not all moulded from the same metal, as they say in Italy; but the fundamental variety of tone produced by a single voice affords one of the richest veins of musical expression which the artistry of a great soprano is able to exploit.  Sergio Segalini concludes his analysis of Pasta as a singer: her limitations were obvious, but by dint of sheer effort, Giuditta Pasta forged an extremely accomplished technique that allowed her to become the ideal interpreter of Bellini and Donizetti. She was never able to erase her vocal asperities, nor give to her voice the exquisite beauty of a Maria Malibran.  Bu thanks to those very asperities, she learned how to bring an infinite variety of vocal colours to her interpretations."

– from curator's notes at the Victoria & Albert Museum

Joseph Mallett (printer)
Playbill for a Morning Concert at the New Argyll Rooms
held by Mr Bellon, with Madame Pasta and others

1826
letterpress
Victoria & Albert Museum

Charles Joseph Hullmandel (printer)
Madame Pasta as Semiramis
ca. 1824-26
hand-colored lithograph
British Museum

Lane-Richard-James-(printer)-
Giuditta Pasta as Semiramis
1837
hand-colored lithograph
British Museum

John Hayter
Madame Pasta in Medea
ca. 1827
lithograph
Victoria & Albert Museum

John Hayter
Madame Pasta in Medea
ca. 1827
lithograph
Victoria & Albert Museum

Anonymous British Printmaker
Madame Pasta as Desdemona
1828
engraving
Victoria & Albert Museum

Anonymous British Printmaker
Madame Pasta as Romeo
ca. 1830
hand-colored engraving
Victoria & Albert Museum

John Carr Armytage after John Hayter
Madame Pasta as Medea
1863
etching and engraving
British Museum

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Salvator Rosa (1615-1673) - Poetry of Painting

Salvator Rosa
Scenes of Witchcraft - Morning
ca. 1645-49
oil on canvas
Cleveland Museum of Art (Ohio)

Salvator Rosa
Scenes of Witchcraft - Day
ca. 1645-49
oil on canvas
Cleveland Museum of Art (Ohio)

Salvator Rosa
Temptation of St Anthony
ca. 1645-49
oil on canvas
Palazzo Pitti, Florence

Salvator Rosa
St George and the Dragon
before 1673
oil on canvas
Collezione Gianfranco Luzzetti, Florence

La Pittura 

Arte alcuna non v'è che porti seco
Delle scienze maggior necessità
Che de color non può trattare il cieco
Che tutto quel, che la natura fa,
O sia soggetto al senso, o intellegibile
Per oggetto al pittor propone, e da.
Che non dipinge sol quel, ch'è visibile,
Ma necessario è che talvolta additi
Tutto quel ch'è incorporeo, e ch'è possibile.
Bisogna che i pittor siano eruditi,
Nelle scienze introdotti e sappian bene
Le favole, l'istorie, i tempi e i riti.

There is no art that does not bring with it a greater necessity for the sciences, since a blind man cannot talk of colours: everything that nature does, whether in the realm of the senses or of the mind, is offered, and given, as an object for painting.  Art does not depict only what is visible but necessarily sometimes alludes to everything that is incorporeal and possible.  Painters have to be learned, initiated into the sciences and well versed in mythology, history, churches and religions.  

– Salvator Rosa

Salvator Rosa
Philosophy
ca. 1645
oil on canvas
National Gallery, London

Salvator Rosa
Astraea leaving the Earth
ca. 1665
oil on canvas
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Salvator Rosa
Astraea returning to Earth
ca. 1640-45
oil on canvas
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Salvator Rosa
Dream of Aeneas
ca. 1664-65
oil on canvas
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

attributed to Salvator Rosa
St Sebastian
before 1673
oil on canvas
Musei di Strada Nuova, Genoa

Salvator Rosa
Christ expelling the Money-Changers 
ca. 1660-70
oil on canvas
National Trust, Attingham Park, Shropshire

Salvator Rosa
Finding of Moses
ca. 1655-60
oil on canvas
Cincinnati Art Museum (Ohio)

Salvator Rosa
St William of Maleval as Penitent
ca. 1645
oil on canvas
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Salvator Rosa
St Onophrius
ca. 1660
oil on canvas
Minneapolis Institute of Art

Salvator Rosa
Self-Portrait
ca. 1647
oil on canvas
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Salvator Rosa
Self-Portrait
ca. 1650
oil on canvas
private collection

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Salvator Rosa (1615-1673) - Proto-Romantic Landscapes

Salvator Rosa
Finding of Moses
ca. 1660-65
oil on canvas
Detroit Institute of Arts

Salvator Rosa
Finding of Moses
(detail of figure group)
ca. 1660-65
oil on canvas
Detroit Institute of Arts

"A man of brilliant talent, but a rebel in perpetuity, remorseless in his criticism of society, obsessed by a pre-romantic egotistic conception of genius, Salvator Rosa took offence at being acclaimed as a painter of landscapes, marines, and battle-pieces.  But it is on his achievement in this field rather than on his great historical compositions that his posthumous fame rests.  True to the Italian theoretical approach, he regarded these 'minor' genres as a frivolous pastime.  On the other hand, they gave him the chance of letting his hot temper run amok.  Setting out from the Flemish landscape tradition of Paul and Mattheus Bril, many of his landscapes have their skies dark and laden, storms twist and turn the trees, melancholy lies over the crags and cliffs, buildings crumple into ruins, and banditti linger waiting for their prey.  Painted with a tempestuous brownish and grey palette, these wild scenes were regarded as the opposite to Claude's enchanted elysiums.  The eighteenth century saw in Salvator's and Claude's landscapes the quintessential contrast between the sublime and the beautiful.  In Sir Joshua Reynolds's words, Claude conducts us 'to the tranquility of Arcadian scenes and fairy land,' while Rosa's style possesses 'the power of inspiring sentiments of grandeur and sublimity.'"

"Yet it must be emphasized that the romantic quality of Rosa's landscapes is superimposed on a classical structure, a recipe of 'landscape making' which he shares with the classicists.  Landscape with the Finding of Moses [directly above] shows the repoussoir trunk and tree left and right in the foreground, the classical division into three distances, the careful balancing of light and dark areas.  In addition, the arc of the group of figures fits harmoniously into the undulating terrain, is 'protected' by the larger arc of the tree, and given prominence by the silvery storm-clouds of the background.  Based on accepted formulas, such landscapes were carefully devised in the studio; they are, moreover, 'landscapes of thought,' because more often than not the figures belong to mythology or the Bible and tie the genre, sometimes by a tender link, to the great tradition of Italian painting."

– Rudolf Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy 1600-1750, originally published in 1958, revised by Joseph Connors and Jennifer Montagu and reissued by Yale University Press in 1999

Salvator Rosa
Landscape with Travelers asking the way
1641
oil on canvas
National Gallery, London

Salvator Rosa
Landscape with Armed Men
ca. 1640
oil on canvas
Los Angeles County Museum of Art

Salvator Rosa
Landscape with Armed Men
ca. 1640
oil on canvas
Los Angeles County Museum of Art

Salvator Rosa
Landscape with Mercury and the Dishonest Woodman
ca. 1663
oil on canvas
National Gallery, London

Salvator Rosa
Pythagoras emerging from the Underworld
1662
oil on canvas
Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas

Salvator Rosa
The Good Samaritan
before 1673
oil on panel
York City Art Gallery (Yorkshire)

Salvator Rosa
Rocky Landscape with Figures
before 1673
oil on canvas
University of Edinburgh

Salvator Rosa
Mountain Landscape
before 1673
oil on canvas
Southampton City Art Gallery (Hampshire)

Salvator Rosa
Polycrates and the Fisherman
ca. 1664
oil on canvas
Art Institute of Chicago

Salvator Rosa
Polycrates' Crucifixion
ca. 1664
oil on canvas
Art Institute of Chicago

Salvator Rosa
Landscape with Bathers
ca. 1660
oil on canvas
Yale University Art Gallery

Salvator Rosa
St John the Baptist preaching in the Wilderness
ca. 1660
oil on canvas
Saint Louis Art Museum

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Théodore Géricault (1791-1824) - Ill-Fated Genius

Théodore Géricault
Head of a Guillotined Man
ca. 1818-19
oil on panel
Art Institute of Chicago

Théodore Géricault
Portrait Study of a Youth
ca. 1819-20
oil on canvas
Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas

Théodore Géricault
Portrait of a Young Man
ca. 1818
oil on canvas
Minneapolis Institute of Art

Théodore Géricault
Head of a Lion
ca. 1819
oil on canvas
Musée du Louvre

Théodore Géricault
Portrait of an Artist in his Studio
ca. 1820
oil on canvas
Musée du Louvre

"Géricault is consistently called a genius who died on the brink of full creative flower.  His surviving works in every medium have always eluded categorization.  Independent and undogmatic, he acted with both impetuous engagement and rigorous discipline, moved easily from classical to modern subjects, and integrated scrupulous preliminary studies with inspired invention, no matter the subject.  He evolved a powerful coalition of solid draftsmanly structure, a light-catching, palpable three-dimensionality, and a painterly touch and palette.  Géricault became one of the following generation's most haunting artistic paradigms, the ill-fated engaged genius.  For many, his work signaled a brilliant path for the art of the future to negotiate between tradition and innovation."

– from a biographical essay be Suzanne Glover Lindsay in the Systematic Catalogue of the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC

Théodore Géricault
Classical Nudes
ca. 1814-15
wash drawing
Getty Museum, Los Angeles

Théodore Géricault
Parents mourning over their Dead Son
1819
wash drawing
Harvard Art Museums

Théodore Géricault
Entombment
ca. 1816-17
wash drawing
Harvard Art Museums

Théodore Géricault
Figure-studies (possibly for The Death of Hector)
ca. 1817
drawing
Harvard Art Museums

Théodore Géricault
Satyr and Nymph
1817
wash drawing
Princeton University Art Museum

Théodore Géricault
Scene of the Plague
ca. 1808-1812
wash drawing
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Théodore Géricault
Wagon laden with Wounded Soldiers
1818
lithograph
Art Institute of Chicago

Théodore Géricault
The Tempest
ca. 1821-23
watercolor
Art Institute of Chicago

Théodore Géricault
Scène de Déluge
ca. 1818
oil on canvas
Musée du Louvre