Showing posts with label viewers. Show all posts
Showing posts with label viewers. Show all posts

Wednesday, August 7, 2024

Viewers Viewing

Ferdinand Roybet
The Connoisseurs 
1876
oil on canvas
John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota

Ruth Orkin
Jinx staring at Statue, Florence
1951
gelatin silver print
Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia

Hugh Douglas Hamilton
Antonio Canova in his studio with Henry Tresham
 studying a plaster model for Cupid and Psyche

ca. 1788-91
pastel on paper
Victoria & Albert Museum, London

Jean-Simon Berthélemy
Portrait of a Gentleman
gazing at the Bust of Denis Diderot

1784
oil on canvas
Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe

Floris Verster
Man before a Bust
ca. 1880
drawing, with watercolor
Museum De Lakenhal, Leiden

Jean-Étienne Liotard
Madame de Vermenoux paying Homage to Apollo
1764
pastel on vellum
Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe

Kenneth Hayes Miller
Woman in Sculpture Hall
1925
oil on canvas
Los Angeles County Museum of Art

Harm Kamerlingh Onnes
Young Woman in Museum
1960
oil on panel
Museum De Lakenhal, Leiden

Jan van Kessel the Elder
Venus and Cupid in a Gallery
(Allegory of Sight)

before 1679
oil on canvas
Národní Galerie, Prague

Jan Juriaensz van Baden
Watching a Play in Amsterdam
ca. 1653
oil on panel
John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota

Simon Vouet
Psyche secretly gazing upon Cupid
ca. 1645
oil on canvas
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon

Laurie Simmons
Tourism: At the Bikini Atoll
1984
C-print
High Museum of Art, Atlanta

Konrad Witz
The Tiburtine Sibyl showing Emperor Augustus 
a Vision of the Virgin and Child in the Sky

ca. 1435
oil on panel
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon

Alonso Cano
St John the Evangelist's Vision of the Lamb
ca. 1635-37
oil on canvas
John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota

Alonso Cano
St John the Evangelist's Vision of God the Father
ca. 1635-37
oil on canvas
John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota

Donato Creti
Astronomical Observations: The Sun
1711
oil on canvas
Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome

Ancestral Houses

Surely among a rich man's flowering lawns,
Amid the rustle of his planted hills, 
Life overflows without ambitious pains;
And rains down life until the basin spills,
And mounts more dizzy high the more it rains
As though to choose whatever shape it wills
And never stoop to a mechanical
Or servile shape, at others' beck and call.

Mere dreams, mere dreams! Yet Homer had not sung
Had he not found it certain beyond dreams
That out of life's own self-delight had sprung
The abounding glittering jet; though now it seems
As if some marvellous empty sea-shell flung
Out of the obscure dark of the rich streams,
And not a fountain, were the symbol which
Shadows the inherited glory of the rich.

Some violent bitter man, some powerful man
Called architect and artist in, that they,
Bitter and violent men, might rear in stone
The sweetness that all longed for night and day,
The gentleness none there had ever known;
But when the master's buried mice can play,
And maybe the great-grandson of that house,
For all its bronze and marble, 's but a mouse.

O what if gardens where the peacock strays
With delicate feet upon old terraces,
Or else all Juno from an urn displays
Before the indifferent garden deities;
O what if levelled lawns and gravelled ways
Where slippered Contemplation finds his ease
And Childhood a delight for every sense,
But take our greatness with our violence?

What if the glory of escutcheoned doors,
And buildings that a haughtier age designed,
The pacing to and fro on polished floors
Amid great chambers and long galleries, lined
With famous portraits of our ancestors;
What if those things the greatest of mankind
Consider most to magnify, or to bless,
But take our greatness with our bitterness?

– W.B. Yeats, from Meditations in Time of Civil War (1923)

Sunday, December 3, 2017

Interior and Exterior Visualization (Baxandall)

Pietro Perugino
St Sebastian
ca. 1495
oil on panel
Louvre, Paris

Pietro Perugino
Pazzi Crucifixion
1494-96
fresco
S Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi, Florence

Pietro Perugino
Pietà
1495
oil on panel
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

Pietro Perugino
Virgin and Child with Angels
1499
oil and tempera on panel
National Gallery, London

"The painter was a professional visualizer of the holy stories.  What we now easily forget is that each of his pious public was liable to be an amateur in the same line, practised in spiritual exercises that demanded a high level of visualization of, at least, the central episodes of the lives of Christ and Mary.  To adapt a theological distinction, the painter's were exterior visualizations, the public's interior visualizations.  The public mind was not a blank tablet on which the painter's representations of a story or person could impress themselves; it was an active institution of interior visualization with which every painter had to get along.  In this respect the fifteenth-century experience of a painting was not the painting as we now see it so much as a marriage between the painting and the beholder's previous visualizing activity on the same matter."

"So it is important before all else to know roughly what sort of activity this was.  One handbook that is usefully explicit is the Zardino de Oration, the Garden of Prayer, written for young girls in 1454 and later printed in Venice.  The book explains the need for internal representations and their place in the process of prayer:  The better to impress the story of the Passion on your mind, and to memorise each action of it more easily, it is helpful and necessary to fix the places and people in your mind: a city, for example which will be the city of Jerusalem  taking for this purpose a city that is well known to you.  In this city find the principal places in which all the episodes of the Passion would have taken place . . .   And then too you must shape in your mind some people, people well-known to you, to represent for you the people involved in the Passion . . . " 

"This sort of experience, a visualizing meditation on the stories particularized to the point of perhaps setting them in one's own city and casting them from one's own acquaintance, is something most of us lack now.  It gave the painter's exterior visualizations a curious function."

"The painter could not compete with the particularity of the private representation.  When beholders might approach his painting with preconceived interior pictures of such detail, each person's different, the painter did not as a rule try to give detailed characterizations of people and places: it would have been an interference with the individual's private visualization if he had.  Painters specially popular in pious circles, like Perugino, painted people who are general, unparticularized, interchangeable types.  They provided a base  firmly concrete and very evocative in its patterns of people  on which the pious beholder could impose his personal detail, more particular but less structured than what the painter offered."

– Michael Baxandall, from Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972)

Pietro Perugino
Pietà from Polittico di Sant'Agostino altarpiece
ca. 1502-1523
oil on panel
Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria, Perugia

Pietro Perugino
St John the Baptist
ca. 1505-07
oil on panel
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Pietro Perugino
Resurrection (fragment from the predella of an altarpiece)
ca. 1505
tempera on panel
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Pietro Perugino
St Margaret of Antioch
ca. 1505-07
tempera on panel
Lindenau Museum, Altenburg, Germany

Pietro Perugino
St Francis of Siena
ca. 1505-07
tempera on panel
Lindenau Museum, Altenburg, Germany

Giovanni Bellini
Asunto mistico
ca. 1505-1510
oil on panel
Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid

Giovanni Bellini
Madonna adoring sleeping Child
1460s
tempera on panel
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Giovanni Bellini
Madonna and Child
ca. 1470
tempera and oil on panel
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Raphael
Allegory - The Knight's Dream
ca. 1504
oil on panel
National Gallery, London

Raphael
Madonna of the Goldfinch
ca. 1505-06
oil on panel
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence