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| John Hoskins (England) Miniature portrait James Stuart, Duke of Richmond and Lennox ca. 1635 watercolor on vellum Royal Collection, Great Britain |
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| Della Robbia Workshop (Florence) Relief portrait of Julius Caesar ca. 1450-1500 enameled terracotta Victoria & Albert Museum, London |
"The vulgar are commonly ill-natured and always grudging against their governors," Ben Jonson wrote, "which makes that a Prince hath more business with them than ever Hercules had with the Bull . . . there was not that variety of Beasts in the Ark as there is of beastly natures in the multitude."
– quoted in Court Culture and the Origins of a Royalist Tradition in Early Stuart England by R. Malcolm Smuts (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987)
– quoted in Court Culture and the Origins of a Royalist Tradition in Early Stuart England by R. Malcolm Smuts (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987)
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| Sofonisba Anguissola (Italy) Portrait of a young woman ca. 1585 oil on canvas Hermitage, Saint Petersburg |
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| Pierre Mignard (France) Portrait of Édouard Colbert, Marquis de Villacerf 1690s oil on canvas private collection |
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| Roman Empire Relief-portrait of Augustus known as The Blacas Cameo AD 14-20 sardonyx British Museum |
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| Claude Mellan (France) Portrait of a young woman early 1640s pastel Hermitage, Saint Petersburg |
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| Peter Lely (Netherlands/England) Portrait of Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth ca. 1671-74 oil on canvas Getty Museum, Los Angeles |
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| Godfrey Kneller (Germany/England) Portrait of sculptor Grinling Gibbons before 1690 oil on canvas Hermitage, Saint Petersburg |
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| Isaac Oliver (France/England) Miniature portrait Anne of Denmark, Queen of England ca. 1611-12 watercolor on vellum Royal Collection, Great Britain darkened patches represent jewels in metallic paint that has degraded |
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| Antoine-Jean Gros (France) Napoleon on the bridge at Arcole 1796-97 oil on canvas Hermitage, Saint Petersburg |
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| Giambattista Moroni (Venice) Portrait of a man ca. 1565 oil on canvas Hermitage, Saint Petersburg |
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| Adriaen Thomasz Key (Flanders) Portrait of William I, Prince of Orange ca. 1579 oil on panel Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam |
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| Frans II Pourbus (Flanders) Portrait of Infanta and Regent, Isabella Clara Eugenia ca. 1600 oil on copper Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam |
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| Frans II Pourbus (Flanders) Portrait of Marie de Medici, Queen of France ca. 1610-20 oil on canvas Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam |
"What preserves you kings more than ceremony," the Earl of Newcastle wrote in the late 1630s to his royal ward, the Prince of Wales, "the cloth of estates, the distance people are with you, great officers, heralds, trumpets, martials men making room, disorders to be labored by their staff of office . . . I know these master the people sufficiently, aye even the wisest, though he know it and be not accustomed to it, shall shake off his wisdom and shake for fear of it, for this is the mist that is cast before us and masters the Commonwealth."