Friday, December 12, 2025

Compositions with Ordeals

Master I.A.M. of Zwolle (Netherlandish printmaker)
The Agony in the Garden
ca. 1485-90
engraving
British Museum


Master N.A. D.A.T. (Italian printmaker)
Two Armies at the Battle of Ravenna
ca. 1512-15
engraving
British Museum

Master with the Mousetrap (Italian printmaker)
Battle of Ravenna
ca. 1512-15
drawing (print study)
Kupferstichkabinett, Hamburger Kunsthalle

Lucas van Leyden
Pyramus and Thisbe
1514
engraving
British Museum

Master of the Aeneid Legend (French enameller)
Aeneas deserting Dido
ca. 1530-35
enamel on copper (Limoges)
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Master of the Die (Italian printmaker) after Raphael
Aeneas carrying Anchises out of Troy
ca. 1530-60
engraving
British Museum

Girolamo Mazzola Bedoli
Polyptych with Ecce Homo and Saints
1538
oil on panel
Galleria Nazionale di Parma

Master-KIP-(French-enameller)-
The Calumny of Apelles
ca. 1540-50
enamel on copper (Limoges)
British Museum

Master of the Story of Cadmus (French printmaker) after Giulio Romano
Agamemnon slaying Odius
ca. 1545
etching (School of Fontainebleau)
British Museum

Master C.C. (French printmaker)
The Last Judgment
1547
engraving
British Museum

Master of the Egmont Albums (Netherlandish draughtsman)
Allegory of the Last Judgment
16th century
drawing
British Museum

Marten de Vos the Elder
Ecce Homo
ca. 1590
drawing (print study)
British Museum

Alessandro Maganza
St Lawrence before the Judge
before 1630
drawing
British Museum

Benjamin West
Samson Bound
1788
watercolor on paper
British Museum

Joseph Anton Koch
St Francis and the Devil
battling for the Soul of Guido da Montefeltro

(episode in Dante's Hell)
1808
etching
British Museum

Carle Vernet
Battle of Quatre Bras
ca. 1815-20
watercolor on paper
British Museum

G.H. Miles
Assassin Edward Oxford shooting at Queen Victoria
1840
watercolor on paper
British Museum

    That Children committed unto the school of Nature, without institution would naturally speak the primitive language of the world, was the opinion of ancient heathens, and continued since by Christians; who will have it our Hebrew tongue, as being the language of Adam. That this were true were much to be desired, not only for the easie attainment of that usefull tongue, but to determine the true and primitive Hebrew. For whether the present Hebrew be the unconfounded language of Babel, and that which remaining in Heber was continued by Abraham and his posterity; or rather the language of Phaenicia and Canaan, wherein he lived, some learned men I perceive doe yet remain unsatisfied. Although I confesse probability stands fairest for the former; nor are they without all reason, who think that at the confusion of tongues, there was no constitution of a new speech in every family, but a variation and permutation of the old, out of one common language raising severall dialects; the primitive tongue remaining still entire. Which they who retained might make a shift to understand most of the rest. 

– John Evelyn from Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646)