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| attributed to Gian Cristoforo Romano Ferdinand II of Aragon, King of Sicily ca. 1468 marble Bode Museum, Berlin |
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| attributed to Benedetto da Maino Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary 1476 marble relief Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest |
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| Matthias Grünewald Study of Kneeling Monarch attended by Angels ca. 1516-19 drawing Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin |
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| Defendente Ferrari King David ca. 1520-25 tempera on panel (altarpiece fragment) Galleria Sabauda, Turin |
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| attributed to Lucas Cranach the Elder King with Serpent ca. 1530 woodcut National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne |
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| workshop of Joos van Cleve Francis I, King of France ca. 1530-40 oil on panel Cincinnati Art Museum, Ohio |
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| Alonso Sánchez Coello Philip II, King of Spain 1566 oil on canvas Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna |
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| François Clouet Charles IX, King of France 1561 oil on panel Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna |
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| François Clouet Charles IX, King of France 1569 oil on canvas Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna |
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| Adam Elsheimer The King of Bali 1598 drawing Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen |
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| Frans Pourbus the Younger Louis XIII, King of France 1616 oil on canvas Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe |
-c1618-oil-on-panel-transferred-to-canvas-National-Gallery-of-Art-Washington-DC.jpg){kind=spacer} |
| Peter Paul Rubens and workshop Melchior (Assyrian King, one of the Magi) ca. 1618 oil on panel, transferred to canvas National Gallery of Art, Washington DC |
-c1650-oil-on-canvas-National-Gallery-of-Slovenia-Ljubljana.jpg) |
| Pietro Liberi King Cinyras and Myrrah ca. 1650 oil on canvas National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana |
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| Philippe de Champaigne Charles II, King of England (in exile) 1653 oil on canvas Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio |
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| Aert de Gelder King Solomon ca. 1685-90 oil on canvas Leiden Collection, New York |
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| Hyacinthe Rigaud King Frederick IV of Denmark 1693 oil on canvas Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen |
To these ostents (as their old custome was)
They call th' Etrurian Augures, amongst whom
The gravest, Aruns, dwelt in forsaken Leuca,
Well skild in Pyromancy; one that knew
The hearts of beasts, and flight of wandering foules;
First he commands such monsters Nature hatcht
Against her kind (the barren Mules loth'd issue)
First he commands such monsters Nature hatcht
Against her kind (the barren Mules loth'd issue)
To be cut forth and cast in dismall fiers:
Then, that the trembling Citizens should walke
About the City; then the sacred priests
That with divine lustration purg'd the wals,
And went the round, in, and without the towne.
Next, an inferiour troupe, in tuckt up vestures,
After the Gabine manner; then the Nunnnes
Then, that the trembling Citizens should walke
About the City; then the sacred priests
That with divine lustration purg'd the wals,
And went the round, in, and without the towne.
Next, an inferiour troupe, in tuckt up vestures,
After the Gabine manner; then the Nunnnes
And their vaild Matron, who alone might view
Minervas statue; then, they that keepe, and read
Minervas statue; then, they that keepe, and read
Sybillas secret works, and wash their saint
In Almo's floud: Next learned Augures follow;
In Almo's floud: Next learned Augures follow;
Apolloes southsayers; and Joves feasting priests;
The skipping Salii with shields like wedges;
And Flamins last, with networke wollen vailes.
– from the First Book of Lucan, translated by Christopher Marlowe (published 1600)