Wednesday, July 14, 2021

The Unloved Nazarenes of the Nineteenth Century

Peter von Cornelius
Joseph revealing himself to his Brothers
ca. 1816-17
detached fresco
Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin

Wilhelm von Schadow
Joseph interpreting Dreams in Prison
1816-17
detached fresco
Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin

Wilhelm von Schadow
Joseph's Bloody Coat shown to Jacob
1816-17
detached fresco
Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin

Wilhelm von Schadow
A Knight Templar
ca. 1832-33
oil on canvas
private collection

Johann Friedrich Overbeck
The Way to Calvary
ca. 1830
watercolor
private collection

Friedrich Olivier
Study for Fleeing Archer
1818
drawing, with watercolor
Museum Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf

Johann Evangelist Scheffer von Leonhardshoff
Académie
1814
drawing
Museum Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf

Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
Académie with Two Figures
1812
drawing
private collection

Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
The Wedding Feast at Cana
1819
oil on canvas
Kunsthalle, Hamburg

Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
Reynard the Fox
(after an engraved illustration for a volume by Goethe)
ca. 1850
porcelain vase by Wilhelm von Kaulbach
private collection

Joseph von Führich
Virgin and Child with St Adelheid and St Francis
1835
oil on panel
Belvedere Museum, Vienna

Joseph von Führich
The Good Shepherd
ca. 1840
drawing
Museum Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf

Philipp Veit
The Immaculate Conception
1830
oil on canvas
Chiesa di Santissima Trinità dei Monti, Rome

Johann Michael Wittmer
Virgin and Child in Glory with Saints
ca. 1850
oil on canvas
Chiesa di Santa Rosa, Viterbo

Johann Michael Wittmer
Raphael's first sketch for the Madonna della Sedia (detail)
1853
oil on canvas
Royal Collection, Great Britain

"After achieving celebrity in the early decades of the nineteenth century, the Nazarenes were already falling into disfavor in Germany by the early 1840s.  Jakob Burckhardt, for one, judged them severely.  Like Goethe before him, he disliked what he saw as their subordination of the visual to the conceptual, notably their placing of art in the service of religion, their cult of the Italian "Primitives" and of German and Netherlandish art of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and their rejection of the direction in which painting had evolved since Raphael.  The Nazarenes and their principal advocates, notably Friedrich Schlegel, had denounced the great Venetian colorists as marking the first step in a steady degradation of art in modern times, whereas Burckhardt deeply admired the Venetians' "Existenzbilder" (as he called them) for their sensuous celebration . . . of the beauty of worldly existence."

"It is not easy to form an independent opinion in the matter, since the Nazarenes are, to say the least, poorly represented in our great public collections.  One must either travel to Germany to see them or content oneself with reproductions in books and exhibition catalogues.  In fact, the virtual absence of paintings and drawings by the Nazarenes from public collections in the United States, Great Britain, and France, the dearth of any courses about them or, for that matter, about nineteenth-century German art in general, in our college and university art history programs, and the resulting public ignorance of this body of work constitue in themselves a curious problem of historiography as well as aesthetics."

"Our experience as viewers of art and the way our sensibility has been shaped almost guarantee a tepid response to the Nazarenes' conscientious, beautifully balanced, but undramatic compositions, in which movement, physical and psychological, often seems either held in suspension or highly conventionalized.  With their use of flat local colors and their eschewing of all dramatic light and color effects, the Nazarenes seem to want to deny the materiality of the painting and to direct the viewer's attention instead to more abstract and "spiritual" qualities like line, composition, color harmonies, and, ultimately, moral and religious meaning."

– Lionel Gossman, from Unwilling Moderns: The Nazarene Painters of the Nineteenth Century, published in Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide (volume 2, issue 3, autumn 2003)