Popes

Gianlorenzo Bernini
Portrait of Pope Innocent X Pamphili
ca. 1648-50
marble
Palazzo Doria-Pamphili, Rome

Hans Burgkmair the Elder
Portrait of Pope Julius II della Rovere
1511
woodcut
Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig

Agostino Carracci
Studies for a Portrait of Cardinal Camillo Borghese,
later Pope Paul V
ca. 1595
drawing
Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna

Cornelis Galle the Elder
Portrait of Pope Urban VIII Barberini
ca. 1640
engraving
Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich

Michael Wolgemut and Wilhelm Pleydenwurff
Pope Alexander VI Borgia
1493
woodcut and letterpress
(illustration from the Nuremberg Chronicle)
Herzog August Bibliothek, Wulfenbüttel

Anonymous  German Artist
Allegory mocking the Pope and the Emperor
ca. 1475-85
hand-colored woodcut (broadside)
Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna

workshop of Lucas Cranach the Elder
The Pope riding a Pig
(with verses by Martin Luther)
1545
woodcut and letterpress
Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig

Carlo Maratti
Portrait of Pope Clement IX Rospigliosi
1669
oil on canvas
Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome

Giuseppe Maria Crespi
Portrait of Pope Benedict XIV Lambertini
1740
oil on canvas
Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome

Domenico Cresti (il Passignano)
Dream of Pope Innocent 
(St Francis carrying the Church on his shoulders)
before 1638
drawing
Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna

Anonymous Italian Artist after Giulio Romano
Pope Sylvester with Figure of Fortitude
ca. 1520
drawing
Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna

Daniel Hopfer
Double Portrait of Pope Leo X Medici
and Giuliano de' Medici, duc de Nemours
ca. 1515
etching
Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich

attributed to Antonio and Lorenzo Cialli
Pope Pius VI Braschi on Horseback
ca. 1785
tin-glazed earthenware (maiolica)
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

Étienne Baudet after Pietro da Cortona
Allegorical Portrait of Pope Clement IX Rospigliosi
ca. 1667
engraving
Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich

Anonymous French Artist after Gaspard de Crayer
Coronation in 1530 of Emperor Charles V
by Pope Clement VII Medici in Bologna
17th century
oil on canvas
Musée Ingres Bourdelle, Montauban

Michael Pacher
St Lawrence taking leave of Pope Sixtus II
ca. 1465
tempera on panel
(altarpiece fragment)
Belvedere Museum, Vienna

This year, by confession of all men, was of all other, for other diseases, most free and healthful.  If any man were sick before, his disease turned to this; if not, yet suddenly, without any apparent cause preceding and being in perfect health, they were taken first with an extreme ache in their heads, redness and inflammation of the eyes; and then inwardly, their throats and tongues grew presently bloody and their breath noisome and unsavoury.  Upon this followed a sneezing and hoarseness, and not long after the pain, together with a mighty cough, came down into the breast.  And when once it was settled in the stomach, it caused vomit; and with great torment came up all manner of bilious purgations that physicians ever named.  Most of them had also the hickyexe which brought with it a strong convulsion, and in some ceased quickly but in others was long before it gave over.  Their bodies outwardly to the touch were neither very hot nor pale but reddish, livid, and beflowered with little pimples and whelks, but so burned inwardly as not to endure any the lightest clothes or linen garment to be upon them nor anything but mere nakedness, but rather most willingly to have cast themselves into the cold water.  And many of them that were not looked to, possessed with insatiate thirst, ran into the wells, and to drink much or little was indifferent, being still from ease and power to sleep as far as ever.  As long as the disease was at its height, their bodies wasted not but resisted the torment beyond all expectation; insomuch as the most of them either died of their inward burning in nine or seven days whilst they had yet strength, or, if they escaped that, then the disease falling down into the bellies and causing there great exulcerations and immoderate looseness, they died many of them afterwards through weakness.  For the disease, which took first the head, began above and came down and passed through the whole body; and he that overcame the worst of it was yet marked with the loss of his extreme parts; for breaking out both at their privy members and at their fingers and toes, many with the loss of these escaped; there were also some that lost their eyes.  And many that presently upon their recovery were taken with such an oblivion of all things whatsoever, as they neither knew themselves nor their acquaintance. 

– from The Peloponnesian War as written by Thucydides (5th century BC) and translated by Thomas Hobbes (1628) and edited by David Grene (1959)